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              <text>La apertura de la frontera interalemana por la RDA, uno de los bastiones inmovilistas del Pacto de Varsovia hasta hace apenas unos meses, ha conmocionado las cancillerías del mundo entero. Un nuevo orden europeo emerge empujado por las aspiraciones populares de los países del Este y el ejemplo democrático del Oeste. La eufórica fusión de los ciudadanos alemanes de ambos Estados en la madrugada de ayer, en pleno corazón de Berlín, .sobre el muro que desde 1961 ha simbolizado la guerra fría, sienta los cimientos de una eventual Alemania unida. Una reunificación que, aunque bien aceptada en principio por todo occidente, preocupa al mundo diplomático por sus eventuales consecuencias en la futura construcción europea. Ahora lo único evidente es que emerge una nueva Europa.&#13;
&#13;
AGENCIAS Un total de 55.500 habitantes de Berlín Oriental pasaron al sector oeste: en las primeras 24 horas de libertad de viaje, según informó ayeren Bonn un portavoz del ministerio del Interior. Sin embargo, sólo 3.250 de ellos decidieron quedarse en la República Federal Alemana (RFA), según el mismo portavoz. Los demás se dieron una vuelta y regresaron a sus hogares en la RDA.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
La llegada de alemanes orientales a la RFA a través de terceros países continuó ayer, a pesar de la apertura de la frontera interaleniana. El jueves llegaron a la RFA. 7.648 personas, según la policía, una cifra menor que en jornadas anteriores. El miércoles, por ejemplo, llegaron 11.018 refugiados a través de Checoslovaquia, a los que hay unir 123 que lo hicieron por Hungría y Austria.&#13;
&#13;
Desde la apertura de la frontera checoslovaca el pasado 3 de noviembre han entrado en la RFA 55.693 alemanes orientales, cifra que se eleva a 130.000 desde el 10 de septiembre, cuando Hungría abrió sus puertas a los que se marchaban del Este.&#13;
&#13;
Esta situación está provocando inquietud, cuando no repulsa, desde diferentes estamentos regionales y estatales de la RFA. En Bremen, el alcalde ha cerrado provisionalmente la ciudad a los refugiados alemanes orientales, mientras en Hannover, el alcalde advirtió el jueves que es "perfectamente concebible" que las ciudades acaben por negar el alojamiento de los refugiados.&#13;
&#13;
Ante los crecientes problemas de alojamiento que va provocando la avalancha de refugiados, el ministro de la Cancillería pidió el jueves a los alemanes orientales que se lo piensen bien antes de emprender su huida a la RFA, dada 9a estrechez del mercado inmobiliario".&#13;
&#13;
Optimismo en la bolsa&#13;
&#13;
Los economistas calculan que los desilusionados alemanes orientales contribuirán en aproximadamente medio punto al crecimiento del producto nacional bruto de la RFA en los próximos años. Las autoridades de Bonn calculan que de los 16 millones de habitantes de la RDA, alrededor de 1,5 millones quieren emigrar al Oeste, y los economistas pronostican un flujo anual de entre: 300.000 y 500.000 durante los próximos años.&#13;
&#13;
Como respuesta a esas perspectivas, ayer la Bolsa de Francfort tuvo una fuerte alza, especialmente en empresas constructoras. Estas acciones ya habían subido ante la tremenda demanda de nuevas viviendas y del plan anunciado por el Gobierno federal de dedicar 8.000 millones de marcos (520.000 millones de pesetas) para un programa cuatrienal de construcción de nuevas viviendas baratas para los nuevos alemanes occidentales.&#13;
&#13;
* Este artículo apareció en la edición impresa del Sábado, 11 de noviembre de 1989</text>
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              <text>Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany&#13;
September 12, 1990&#13;
&#13;
 &#13;
&#13;
The Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, the French Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America,&#13;
&#13;
Conscious of the fact that their peoples have been living together in peace since 1945;&#13;
&#13;
Mindful of the recent historic changes in Europe which make it possible to overcome the division of the continent;&#13;
&#13;
Having regard to the rights and responsibilities of the Four Powers relating to Berlin and to Germany as a whole, and the corresponding wartime and post-war agreements and decisions of the Four Powers;&#13;
&#13;
Resolved, in accordance with their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;&#13;
&#13;
Recalling the principles of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, signed in Helsinki;&#13;
&#13;
Recognizing that those principles have laid firm foundations for the establishment of a just and lasting peaceful order in Europe;&#13;
&#13;
Determined to take account of everyone's security interests;&#13;
&#13;
Convinced of the need finally to overcome antagonism and to develop cooperation in Europe;&#13;
&#13;
Confirming their readiness to reinforce security, in particular by adopting effective arms control, disarmament and confidence-building measures; their willingness not to regard each other as adversaries but to work for a relationship of trust and cooperation; and accordingly their readiness to consider positively setting up appropriate institutional arrangements within the framework of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe;&#13;
&#13;
Welcoming the fact that the German people, freely exercising their right of self-determination, have expressed their will to bring about the unity of Germany as a state so that they will be able to serve the peace of the world as an equal and sovereign partner in a united Europe;&#13;
&#13;
Convinced that the unification of Germany as a state with definitive borders is a significant contribution to peace and stability in Europe;&#13;
&#13;
Intending to conclude the final settlement with respect to Germany;&#13;
&#13;
Recognizing that thereby, and with the unification of Germany as a democratic and peaceful state, the rights and responsibilities of the Four Powers relating to Berlin and to Germany as a whole lose their function;&#13;
&#13;
Represented by their Ministers for Foreign Affairs who, in accordance with the Ottawa Declaration of 13 February 1990, met in Bonn on 5 May 1990, in Berlin on 22 June 1990, in Paris on 17 July 1990 with the participation of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, and in Moscow on 12 September 1990;&#13;
&#13;
Have agreed as follows:&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 1&#13;
&#13;
(1) The united Germany shall comprise the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic and the whole of Berlin. Its external borders shall be the borders of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic and shall be definitive from the date on which the present Treaty comes into force. The confirmation of the definitive nature of the borders of the united Germany is an essential element of the peaceful order in Europe.&#13;
&#13;
(2) The united Germany and the Republic of Poland shall confirm the existing border between them in a treaty that is binding under international law.&#13;
&#13;
(3) The united Germany has no territorial claims whatsoever against other states and shall not assert any in the future.&#13;
&#13;
(4) The Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic shall ensure that the constitution of the united Germany does not contain any provision incompatible with these principles. This applies accordingly to the provisions laid down in the preamble, the second sentence of Article 23, and Article 146 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany.&#13;
&#13;
(5) The Governments of the French Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America take formal note of the corresponding commitments and declarations by the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic and declare that their implementation will confirm the definitive nature of the united Germany's borders.&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 2&#13;
&#13;
The Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic reaffirm their declarations that only peace will emanate from German soil. According to the constitution of the united Germany, acts tending to and undertaken with the intent to disturb the peaceful relations between nations, especially to prepare for aggressive war, are unconstitutional and a punishable offence. The Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic declare that the united Germany will never employ any of its weapons except in accordance with its constitution and the Charter of the United Nations.&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 3&#13;
&#13;
(1) The Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic reaffirm their renunciation of the manufacture and possession of and control over nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. They declare that the united Germany, too, will abide by these commitments. In particular, rights and obligations arising from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1 July 1968 will continue to apply to the united Germany.&#13;
&#13;
(2) The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, acting in full agreement with the Government of the German Democratic Republic, made the following statement on 30 August 1990 in Vienna at the Negotiations on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe:&#13;
&#13;
The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany undertakes to reduce the personnel strength of the armed forces of the united Germany to 370,000 (ground, air and naval forces) within three to four years. This reduction will commence on the entry into force of the first CFE agreement. Within the scope of this overall ceiling no more than 345,000 will belong to the ground and air forces which, pursuant to the agreed mandate, alone are the subject to the Negotations on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. The Federal Government regards its commitment to reduce ground and air forces as a signficant German contribution to the reduction of conventional armed forces in Europe. It assumes that in follow-on negotiations the other participants in the negotiations, too, will render their contribution to enhancing security and stability in Europe, including measures to limit personnel strengths.&#13;
&#13;
The Government of the German Democratic Republic has expressly associated itself with this statement.&#13;
&#13;
(3) The Governments of the French Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America take note of these statements by the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic.&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 4&#13;
&#13;
(1) The Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics state that the united Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics will settle by treaty the conditions for and the duration of the presence of Soviet armed forces on the territory of the present German Democratic Republic and of Berlin, as well as the conduct of the withdrawal of these armed forces which will be completed by the end of 1994, in connection with the implementation of the undertaking of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the present Treaty.&#13;
&#13;
(2) The Governments of the French Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America take note of this statement.&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 5&#13;
&#13;
(1) Until the completion of the withdrawal of the Soviet armed forces for the territory of the present German Democratic Republic and of Berlin in accordance with Article 4 of the present Treaty, only German territorial defence units which are not integrated into the alliance structures to which German armed forces in the rest of German territory are assigned will be stationed in that territory as armed forces of the united Germany. During that period and subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, armed forces of other states will not be stationed in that territory or carry out any other military activity there.&#13;
&#13;
(2) For the duration of the presence of Soviet armed forces in the territory of the present German Democratic Republic and of Berlin, armed forces of the French Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America will, upon German request, remain stationed in Berlin by agreement to this effect between the Government of the united Germany and the Govenments of the states concerned. The number of troops and the amount of equipment of all non-German armed forces stationed in Berlin will not be greater than at the time of signature of the present Treaty. New categories of weapons will not be introduced there by non-German armed forces. The Government of the united Germany will conclude with the Governments of those states which have armed forces stationed in Berlin treaties with conditions which are fair taking account of the relations existing with the states concerned.&#13;
&#13;
(3) Following the completion of the withdrawal of the Soviet armed forces from the territory of the present German Democratic Republic and of Berlin, units of German armed forces assigned to military alliance structures in the same way as those in the rest of German territory may also be stationed in that part of Germany, but without nuclear weapon carriers. This does not apply to conventional weapon systems which may have other capabilities in addition to conventional ones but which in that part of Germany are equipped for a conventional role and designated only for such. Foreign armed forces and nuclear weapons or their carriers will not be stationed in that part of Germany or deployed there.&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 6&#13;
&#13;
The right of the united Germany to belong to alliances, with all the rights and responsibilities arising therefrom, shall not be affected by the present Treaty.&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 7&#13;
&#13;
(1) The French Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America hereby terminate their rights and responsibilities relating to Berlin and to Germany as a whole. As a result, the corresponding, related quadripartite agreements, decisions and practices are terminated and all related Four Power institutions are dissolved.&#13;
&#13;
(2) The United Germany shall have accordingly full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs.&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 8&#13;
&#13;
(1) The present Treaty is subject to ratification or acceptance as soon as possible. On the German side it will be ratified by the united Germany. The Treaty will therefore apply to the united Germany.&#13;
&#13;
(2) The instruments of ratification or acceptance shall be deposited with the Government of the united Germany. That Government shall inform the Governments of the other Contracting Parties of the deposit of each instrument of ratification or acceptance.&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 9&#13;
&#13;
The present Treaty shall enter into force for the united Germany, the French Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America on the date of deposit of the last instrument of ratification or acceptance by these states.&#13;
&#13;
ARTICLE 10&#13;
&#13;
The original of the present Treaty, of which the English, French, German and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, which shall transmit certified true copies to the Governments of the other Contracting Parties.&#13;
&#13;
Source: American Foreign Policy Current Documents 1990. Department of State, Washington, 1991.</text>
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American Foreign Policy Current Documents 1990. Department of State, Washington, </text>
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&#13;
El Tratado allanó el camino para la reunificación alemana y fue firmado en Moscú el 12 de septiembre de 1990. Entró en vigor el 15 de marzo de 1991, fecha del depósito de los últimos documentos de ratificación en una ceremonia oficial.</text>
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