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Yocelevzky R."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"19666"},["text",""]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"19667"},["text",""]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"41"},["name",""]],["tag",{"tagId":"7"},["name",""]]]],["item",{"itemId":"5163","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"1285"},["src","http://repositorio.historiarecienteenlaeducacion.com/files/original/049e23aa126128a96573bcb74a0e4909.pdf"],["authentication","5889a7af25966a7841d076fa1994dedd"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"70"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"28974"},["text",""]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name",""],["description",""],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34337"},["text","<br /><img src=\"https://ep01.epimg.net/elpais/imagenes/2017/04/20/opinion/1492693752_580250_1493571658_noticia_normal.jpg\" alt=\"Democratizar la globalizaci&oacute;n\" width=\"360\" height=\"577\" /><span class=\"foto-firma\">ENRIQUE FLORES</span>\r\n<div id=\"cuerpo_noticia\" class=\"articulo-cuerpo\">\r\n<p>El ser humano siempre se ha globalizado y ha estado en permanente revoluci&oacute;n tecnol&oacute;gica. Pero desde 1980, cuando China abandon&oacute; la planificaci&oacute;n comunista y volvi&oacute; al comercio mundial, el mundo ha vivido un proceso de integraci&oacute;n econ&oacute;mica muy intenso. Y la revoluci&oacute;n de las comunicaciones, especialmente Internet, del transporte y de la energ&iacute;a han favorecido el proceso.</p>\r\n<a name=\"sumario_3\"></a>\r\n<div class=\"sumario__interior\">\r\n<h4 class=\"sumario-titulo\"><span class=\"sin_enlace\">OTROS ART&Iacute;CULOS DEL AUTOR</span></h4>\r\n<div class=\"sumario-texto\">\r\n<p><a href=\"https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/03/12/opinion/1489347376_735847.html\">Una espa&ntilde;a mejor y posible (15/03/2017)</a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://economia.elpais.com/economia/2017/02/02/actualidad/1486038053_674009.html\">Vuelve la inflaci&oacute;n (03/02/2017)</a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://economia.elpais.com/economia/2017/01/26/actualidad/1485444442_050063.html\">Aumenta la precariedad (26/01/2017)</a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"elpais_gpt-INTEXT\" data-google-query-id=\"CPLVu8TpodUCFZiZdwodwoUMSA\">\r\n<div id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/opinion/intext_0__container__\"><iframe id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/opinion/intext_0\" title=\"3rd party ad content\" name=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/opinion/intext_0\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" data-integralas-id-637ca11f-cde1-52ed-1bb2-b240756f9083=\"\"></iframe></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>En estos 35 a&ntilde;os el mundo ha registrado el periodo de mayor progreso humano de la historia. La renta por habitante mundial se ha doblado, la pobreza extrema ha bajado del 40% al 10% de la poblaci&oacute;n, el analfabetismo se ha reducido del 50% al 15% de la poblaci&oacute;n mundial &mdash;especialmente en las mujeres&mdash; y el n&uacute;mero de muertos en guerras ha registrado m&iacute;nimos hist&oacute;ricos. Los emergentes han recuperado su lugar en el reparto de la renta mundial, especialmente en Asia, Europa del Este y Am&eacute;rica Latina. En &Aacute;frica, la pobreza extrema tambi&eacute;n se ha reducido del 60% al 40%, aunque a&uacute;n queda mucho por hacer.</p>\r\n<p>Pero el crecimiento ha sido muy desequilibrado. Como sucedi&oacute; en los pa&iacute;ses hoy desarrollados, el crecimiento chino ha sido muy ineficiente en el uso de la energ&iacute;a y muy contaminante, y las emisiones de di&oacute;xido de carbono casi se han doblado. La deuda total sobre el PIB mundial se ha duplicado desde que comenz&oacute; el nuevo milenio &mdash;tambi&eacute;n en China&mdash; y el reparto de la renta ha sido muy desigual en los pa&iacute;ses desarrollados, y en mayor medida tambi&eacute;n en China.</p>\r\n<p>La crisis econ&oacute;mica y la desigualdad han generado desafecci&oacute;n pol&iacute;tica, principalmente de los j&oacute;venes, que han visto frustradas sus expectativas. Por eso es necesario que la econom&iacute;a mundial se dirija hacia una senda de desarrollo sostenible social y ambientalmente para frenar no solo esa desafecci&oacute;n social, sino tambi&eacute;n el avance del cambio clim&aacute;tico. Ambos problemas son las principales limitaciones para continuar progresando durante las pr&oacute;ximas d&eacute;cadas.</p>\r\n<a name=\"sumario_1\"></a>\r\n<div class=\"sumario__interior\">\r\n<div class=\"sumario-texto\">\r\n<p class=\"texto_grande\">Espa&ntilde;a ha sido el pa&iacute;s que m&aacute;s se ha aprovechado de la globalizaci&oacute;n y la revoluci&oacute;n tecnol&oacute;gica</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>Hay tres opciones pol&iacute;ticas para afrontar estos retos. El&nbsp;<em>laissez faire</em>(opci&oacute;n conservadora de no hacer nada), el comunismo y la socialdemocracia. El comunismo ha aumentado la pobreza y la contaminaci&oacute;n en todos los pa&iacute;ses donde se ha implementado. El&nbsp;<em>laissez faire</em>&nbsp;ha sido el paradigma del crecimiento desequilibrado mundial desde 1980. Como nos ense&ntilde;aron los economistas suecos Heckscher y Ohlin, cuando dos pa&iacute;ses se integran se especializan en el bien m&aacute;s intensivo, ya que es en el que tienen ventaja comparativa. China ten&iacute;a salarios baratos y aument&oacute; su peso en los salarios mundiales, y los pa&iacute;ses desarrollados exportamos bienes intensivos en capital. Por eso, el peso de los salarios en el PIB de estos pa&iacute;ses ha ca&iacute;do.</p>\r\n<p>La revoluci&oacute;n tecnol&oacute;gica en sus primeras fases tambi&eacute;n aumenta el peso del capital en la distribuci&oacute;n de la renta. Y las emisiones son una externalidad que no se incorpora a los costes y no se incluye en las decisiones. Por tanto, no hacer nada ha facilitado el aumento de la desigualdad y las emisiones contaminantes que aceleran el cambio clim&aacute;tico e hipotecan el futuro de las pr&oacute;ximas generaciones.</p>\r\n<p>Los socialistas espa&ntilde;oles, en nuestra ponencia econ&oacute;mica, proponemos democratizar la globalizaci&oacute;n y m&aacute;s y mejor Europa, convencidos de que el modelo de democracia social europeo es m&aacute;s necesario que nunca en la econom&iacute;a mundial. Es falso, como dicen Trump y Le Pen, que la globalizaci&oacute;n y la tecnolog&iacute;a han destruido empleo porque este, en pa&iacute;ses desarrollados, ha aumentado desde 1980.</p>\r\n<p>Espa&ntilde;a ha sido el pa&iacute;s que m&aacute;s se ha aprovechado de la globalizaci&oacute;n y la revoluci&oacute;n tecnol&oacute;gica. Desde 1980, tenemos democracia, libertad y m&aacute;s derechos civiles; hemos doblado el empleo no agr&iacute;cola, hemos cuadruplicado nuestra renta por habitante, hemos reducido la desigualdad, hemos triplicado el gasto social por habitante y hemos erradicado el analfabetismo. Pero, eso s&iacute;, hemos triplicado nuestro endeudamiento y hemos aumentado significativamente nuestro nivel de emisiones.</p>\r\n<p>Espa&ntilde;a supone el 0,5% de la poblaci&oacute;n mundial, pero tras la salida que ha iniciado Reino Unido somos el 10% de la poblaci&oacute;n de la Uni&oacute;n Europea y el cuarto pa&iacute;s en peso pol&iacute;tico y econ&oacute;mico. Sin nuestra entrada como miembro de pleno derecho en el proyecto europeo no ser&iacute;a posible explicar el progreso que ha tenido la sociedad espa&ntilde;ola. Europa ha sido nuestro referente de democracia, de bienestar y de desarrollo institucional.</p>\r\n<a name=\"sumario_2\"></a>\r\n<div class=\"sumario__interior\">\r\n<div class=\"sumario-texto\">\r\n<p class=\"texto_grande\">Queremos regular mejor los mercados financieros y m&aacute;s coordinaci&oacute;n de pol&iacute;ticas econ&oacute;micas</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>En los &uacute;ltimos 15 a&ntilde;os la derecha ha tenido mayor&iacute;a en el Parlamento y en el Consejo y el proyecto europeo ha dejado de avanzar. Nuestra ponencia es un proyecto de Espa&ntilde;a en Europa y de Europa en el mundo. Queremos una mejor regulaci&oacute;n de los mercados financieros y m&aacute;s coordinaci&oacute;n de pol&iacute;ticas econ&oacute;micas para reducir la extrema volatilidad de los flujos financieros y no repetir los errores que provocaron la Gran Recesi&oacute;n. Queremos seguir avanzando en la transparencia y regulaci&oacute;n de los para&iacute;sos fiscales. Desarrollar los derechos laborales para acabar con la precariedad y el trabajo infantil en el mundo. Avanzar en las Cumbres del Clima para reducir el nivel de emisiones y dejar a las futuras generaciones un peque&ntilde;o planeta Tierra sostenible.</p>\r\n<p>Queremos que el Parlamento y la Comisi&oacute;n Europea puedan aprobar un plan de est&iacute;mulo fiscal sin la aprobaci&oacute;n de los Estados miembros para reducir la tasa de paro, especialmente juvenil. Queremos un seguro de desempleo com&uacute;n y pol&iacute;ticas activas comunes. Queremos desarrollar el programa Erasmus y que nuestros estudiantes y profesores puedan estudiar y dar clases en todas las universidades europeas con igualdad de oportunidades. Queremos crear una uni&oacute;n de investigaci&oacute;n e innovaci&oacute;n para crear empleos de calidad en la era de la tecnolog&iacute;a global, especialmente para avanzar en la transici&oacute;n energ&eacute;tica, la reducci&oacute;n de emisiones y en econom&iacute;a circular por solidaridad intergeneracional. Una oportunidad para crear empleos de calidad aprovechando nuestro liderazgo de investigaci&oacute;n y tecnol&oacute;gico.</p>\r\n<p>Queremos que Europa recupere peso en el tablero mundial, que tenga m&aacute;s influencia en Naciones Unidas para contrarrestar a Trump, que seamos m&aacute;s respetados en Asia y en Am&eacute;rica Latina, donde los espa&ntilde;oles somos los principales embajadores europeos, y tambi&eacute;n en &Aacute;frica, un continente que comienza a amanecer, como hizo Asia en los a&ntilde;os ochenta, pero que sigue teniendo una pobreza extrema inmoral y es el m&aacute;s afectado por la desertizaci&oacute;n, el cambio clim&aacute;tico y la escasez de agua.</p>\r\n<p>Como nos ense&ntilde;&oacute; Fran&ccedil;ois Quesnay y la escuela fisi&oacute;crata, para comprender las partes es necesario analizar el todo. Por eso, de nuevo Europa, lejos de ser el problema, debe volver a ser la soluci&oacute;n.</p>\r\n<p class=\"nota_pie\"><strong>Jos&eacute; Carlos D&iacute;ez</strong>&nbsp;es coordinador de la ponencia econ&oacute;mica del PSOE.</p>\r\n</div>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34338"},["text","<a href=\"https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/04/20/opinion/1492693752_580250.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/04/20/opinion/1492693752_580250.html</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34332"},["text",""]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34333"},["text",""]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34334"},["text","01/05/2017"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34335"},["text",""]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34336"},["text",""]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"818"},["name","Democracia"]],["tag",{"tagId":"39"},["name",""]],["tag",{"tagId":"1261"},["name",""]]]]]