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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"28974"},["text",""]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name",""],["description",""],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33729"},["text","El mandato de Hu Jintao al frente del Partido Comunista de China (PCCh) ha entrado en una convulsa recta final. Su perfil discreto quizás se imponga a la tentación de dejar su impronta en el vía crucis ideológico del PCCh, ninguneando una tradición que forma parte del proceder habitual en el liderazgo chino. El antecesor, Jiang Zemin, revolvió Roma con Santiago para que su teoría de las tres representaciones quedara reflejada en la Constitución del país. Lo logró en 2004, dos años después de abandonar la Secretaría General. Su esencia radica en permitir la cooptación por el PCCh de las nuevas élites, especialmente las económicas. En el próximo XVIII Congreso podría entrar en el Comité Central del PCCh el hombre más rico de China, Liang Wengen. Toda una exhibición de pragmatismo revestido de ambigüedad y elocuencia que evapora cualquier atisbo de lucha de clases y abre el horizonte, muy discutible, de una socialdemocratización progresiva de su ideario.
\r\n\r\nDos son las aportaciones que Hu Jintao ha querido abanderar en el orden ideológico. La primera es el concepto de desarrollo científico, una apelación a la necesidad de un crecimiento más equilibrado, no solo pendiente de las grandes cifras, sino de los factores ambientales, tecnológicos y, sobre todo, sociales. La segunda es la sociedad armoniosa, que condensa la aspiración de cierto bienestar material asentado en la recuperación de unos valores morales que deben contribuir al equilibrio en una sociedad desorientada y en tantos aspectos insensible como nos demostró aquel caso de la niña Yueyue, atropellada una y otra vez ante la indiferencia de los transeúntes. Pero es también una invocación al respeto al orden establecido, al principio de la virtud en el ejercicio del buen gobierno, a la búsqueda del tradicional justo medio en la resolución de los problemas cotidianos. En el orden internacional, el mundo armonioso es un complemento del desarrollo pacífico y debe convencernos de que la emergencia china no es una amenaza para nadie. Ambas formulaciones son la cara y cruz del desarrollo chino, se dijo en 2007.
\r\nLas propuestas ideológicas de Hu Jintao, a día de hoy, se antojan flojas. A diferencia de Jiang Zemin, cuya triple representatividad venía a dar cobertura a una realidad caracterizada por la presencia de millones de empresarios en las filas del PCCh, las teorizaciones apadrinadas por Hu Jintao reflejan el voluntarismo del equipo dirigente, sin correspondencia efectiva con una realidad seriamente afectada por la quiebra constante de la armonía o el prodigado desprecio al medio ambiente, en especial en el orden local. El año 2020, con la efeméride del centenario de la fundación del PCCh al caer, se referencia como meta para la plasmación de dichos objetivos.
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El repunte del discurso confuciano emerge como la principal seña de identidad de la década de Hu Jintao
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Las innovaciones sugeridas por Hu Jintao reflejan también las dos características esenciales que han determinado la reconocida aptitud para la supervivencia del PCCh: el pragmatismo y la capacidad de adaptación, virtudes que deben permitirle reafirmar su legitimidad sin que el nuevo envoltorio afecte a la esencia de la naturaleza del poder y su ejercicio pero transmitiendo socialmente la idea de evolución permanente, ajena a cualquier inmovilismo. Así, paradójicamente, ortodoxia y heterodoxia se dan la mano en una sucesión de imágenes que no afecta al núcleo duro de su concepción.
\r\nEl repunte del discurso confuciano emerge como la principal seña de identidad de la década de Hu Jintao. Frente al agravamiento de las tensiones sociales y ambientales, la vuelta al ideario que moldeó la China tradicional ofrece un antídoto gestionable sin grandes riesgos a diferencia de la otra opción posible: el impulso a una reforma política democratizadora que, frente a la idea de sumisión, institucionalizaría el diálogo y la aceptación de las dinámicas sociales por muy irreverentes que resultaran, limitando el poder. A mayores, permite ahondar en la afirmación de la excepcionalidad china, argumento predilecto para excusar rumbos homologables internacionalmente.
\r\nEl futuro de estas aportaciones es incierto. Las protestas desatadas por la instalación de una estatua de Confucio en las inmediaciones de Tiananmen, posteriormente trasladada al interior del Museo Nacional, evidencian profundas discrepancias internas al respecto. Por otra parte, la negativa a cuestionar los principios más fosilizados del sistema para rehuir los imperativos democráticos introduce una inadaptación de alcance tan esencial que hace peligrar la estabilidad, como ha señalado Wen Jiabao.
\r\nPero su mayor inconveniente es que no resuelven el dilema de fondo que enfrenta la sociedad china: la crisis de confianza que separa a un PCCh a la defensiva y sin un refugio ideológico seguro para garantizar su perennidad, y una sociedad en transformación cada vez más difícil de disciplinar conforme a su criterio. Las crecientes dificultades para definir un nuevo rumbo en el plano ideológico acrecientan la sensación de proximidad de un final de época, acelerado por el agravamiento de las contradicciones socioeconómicas y el bloqueo efectivo de cualquier reforma merecedora de atención. La década de Hu nos interroga sobre la viabilidad de los intentos de plasmar una democracia genuina, adaptada a su esquema de desarrollo y capaz de abrir una tercera vía entre el autoritarismo y la democracia occidental, emulando en lo político el éxito logrado en la economía.
\r\nXulio Ríos es director del Observatorio de la Política China.
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