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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"28974"},["text",""]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name",""],["description",""],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34330"},["text","<br /><img src=\"https://ep01.epimg.net/economia/imagenes/2017/03/30/actualidad/1490888790_177678_1491102249_noticia_normal.jpg\" alt=\"Barcos de carga en el puerto de Hamburgo (Alemania).\" width=\"980\" height=\"629\" /><span class=\"foto-texto\">Barcos de carga en el puerto de Hamburgo (Alemania).</span>&nbsp;<span class=\"foto-firma\"><span class=\"foto-autor\">M. M. M.</span>&nbsp;<span class=\"foto-agencia\">REUTERS</span></span>\r\n<div id=\"cuerpo_noticia\" class=\"articulo-cuerpo\">\r\n<p>Seg&uacute;n la&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/omc_organizacion_mundial_comercio/a\" target=\"_blank\">Organizaci&oacute;n Mundial del Comercio (OMC)</a>, el crecimiento en volumen del comercio mundial de bienes ha venido cayendo desde la&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/depresion_economica/a\" target=\"_blank\">Gran Recesi&oacute;n</a>&nbsp;de 2008-2009. Cay&oacute; casi un 13%, en 2009, pero rebot&oacute; casi un 12% a finales de 2010, despu&eacute;s, ha estado creciendo por debajo del 3% hasta 2016 y ha ca&iacute;do al 1,7% en 2016. Las exportaciones de los pa&iacute;ses en desarrollo han superado el 3% anual en dichos a&ntilde;os, pero han ca&iacute;do al 1,2% en 2016. Las de Norteam&eacute;rica han crecido s&oacute;lo el 0,7%, las de Asia s&oacute;lo el 0,3%, pero las de Europa han alcanzado el 2,8%. Para 2017, las exportaciones de los pa&iacute;ses desarrollados crecer&aacute;n de media el 1,3% y las de los pa&iacute;ses en desarrollo superar&aacute;n el 2%. La OMC ha informado que, desde 2008, sus Estados miembros han introducido 2.978 medidas restrictivas al comercio y que a finales de 2016 hab&iacute;a 2.238 en vigor.</p>\r\n<div id=\"elpais_gpt-INTEXT\" data-google-query-id=\"CK3jlcbpodUCFUyVdwodeSUPZw\">\r\n<div id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_finanzas_economia_web/intext_0__container__\"><iframe id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_finanzas_economia_web/intext_0\" title=\"3rd party ad content\" name=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_finanzas_economia_web/intext_0\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" data-integralas-id-d7ee38a5-88c3-c4b4-39e3-2c85326b6513=\"\"></iframe></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>Las cifras de la OMC muestran que Asia es la que m&aacute;s mercanc&iacute;as ha exportado, partiendo de un &iacute;ndice 100 en 2012 ha llegado al 117 en 2016. Norteam&eacute;rica es el que m&aacute;s mercanc&iacute;as ha importado, alcanzando un &iacute;ndice 11 en 2016, seguida de Asia y de Europa. La ca&iacute;da del d&oacute;lar en 2015 ha afectado tambi&eacute;n al comercio en este periodo, especialmente por la ca&iacute;da del precio del petr&oacute;leo, que est&aacute; denominado en d&oacute;lares. De continuar esta depreciaci&oacute;n, los importadores netos de petr&oacute;leo aumentar&aacute;n su PIB y los exportadores netos lo reducir&aacute;n, salvo aquellos pa&iacute;ses que ya han alcanzado unos niveles de desarrollo elevados y tengan grandes reservas para el futuro, como Canad&aacute;, o los que tienen grandes reservas, como Venezuela, Arabia Saud&iacute;, Ir&aacute;n, Irak, Kuwait, Emiratos y Rusia. Tambi&eacute;n se ven afectados los pa&iacute;ses que utilizan m&eacute;todos de extracci&oacute;n de gas y petr&oacute;leo de arenas o rocas bituminosas. Ahora bien, mientras que los primeros tienen pozos abiertos y no pueden cerrarlos, los segundos pueden parar cuando quieran y reanudar la producci&oacute;n cuando los precios mejoren.</p>\r\n<div class=\"teads-inread\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Asimismo, surgen manifestaciones crecientes en contra del comercio internacional pidiendo aumentos de las trabas al comercio mundial, lo que es un contrasentido cuando lo hacen pa&iacute;ses desarrollados y de tradici&oacute;n liberal, como EE UU y Reino Unido. Por un lado, el presidente Donald Trump ha mostrado enormes reticencias a firmar el&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/ttip_acuerdo_transatlantico_comercio_inversion/a\" target=\"_blank\">TTIP (Trade and Investment Partnership)</a>&nbsp;que iba a conseguir que las exportaciones de bienes y servicios entre EE UU y la UE crecieran un 28% y que las ganancias netas para la UE sean de 119.000 millones de euros por a&ntilde;o y para EE UU de 95.000 millones de d&oacute;lares al a&ntilde;o, seg&uacute;n el estudio realizado por Jean Francois (2013), que es un gran experto en comercio internacional. Tambi&eacute;n ha descartado entrar en el acuerdo TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership) entre los pa&iacute;ses de ambos lados del Pac&iacute;fico, con excepci&oacute;n de China, que representan el 40% del PIB mundial (Jap&oacute;n, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Indonesia, Malasia, Brunei, Singapur, Jap&oacute;n, Chile, Per&uacute; y Canad&aacute;). Finalmente, Trump ha dicho que va a renegociar y desmantelar el&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/tlcan_tratado_libre_comercio_amercia_norte/a\" target=\"_blank\">TLCAN</a>&nbsp;(EE UU, Canad&aacute; y M&eacute;xico) por ser el &ldquo;peor acuerdo de la historia de EE UU&rdquo;.</p>\r\n<p>Felizmente, su propio Partido Republicano, el Grand Old Party (GOP), ha sido tradicionalmente un decidido defensor del comercio internacional e intentar&aacute; limitarle o recortarle, tanto en el Congreso como en el Senado, algunas de las decisiones que piensa o que intenta tomar. Un ejemplo diferente ha sido que, con el apoyo de los dem&oacute;cratas, la C&aacute;mara de Representantes haya rechazado su pretendida eliminaci&oacute;n de parte de Medicare y Medicaid, del programa Obamacare, aun cuando hab&iacute;a expresado en Twitter durante las elecciones que nunca retocar&iacute;a ambos programas.</p>\r\n<a name=\"sumario_1\"></a>\r\n<div class=\"sumario__interior\">\r\n<div class=\"sumario-texto\">\r\n<p class=\"texto_grande\">La mayor&iacute;a de los inmigrantes vienen de los pa&iacute;ses en desarrollo por el hecho de que son mayor&iacute;a en poblaci&oacute;n</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>El Gobierno de Reino Unido, que siempre ha sido favorable al comercio internacional, ha tomado la decisi&oacute;n de salirse de la UE tras un referendo en el que fueron a votar la mayor&iacute;a de los ciudadanos que estaban sin trabajo, retirados o enfadados y, lamentablemente, pocos de los j&oacute;venes que ten&iacute;an trabajo. La primera ministra, Theresa May, acaba de invocar al art&iacute;culo 50 del Tratado de la UE, pero la negociaci&oacute;n del Brexit va a ser larga y dura por ambas partes. Aunque todav&iacute;a no se sabe bien c&oacute;mo terminar&aacute; su salida final, todo apunta a que Reino Unido saldr&aacute; perdiendo frente al resto de los 27 Estados miembros. Primero, porque implicar&aacute; una decisi&oacute;n del&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/tjue_tribunal_justicia_union_europea/a\" target=\"_blank\">Tribunal de Justicia Europeo (TJUE)</a>, que establecer&aacute; que Reino Unido deber&aacute; seguir bajo su jurisdicci&oacute;n durante dos a&ntilde;os y, probablemente, la transici&oacute;n posterior. Segundo, porque el Brexit tendr&aacute; que resolver su interferencia con la Corte Europea de Protecci&oacute;n de los Derechos Humanos y Libertades Fundamentales.</p>\r\n<p>De momento, la libra ha ca&iacute;do desde 1,47 d&oacute;lares el 23 de junio a 1,24 d&oacute;lares, el PIB crece al 0,7%, el Banco de Inglaterra ha bajado su tipo de inter&eacute;s al 0,25% y el saldo de entradas y salidas ha sido de menos 323.000 personas, de los que 128.000 eran ciudadanos brit&aacute;nicos. La OCDE (2017) ha previsto una ca&iacute;da del PIB de Reino Unido del 3,3% hasta 2020 y del 5,2% hasta 2030. Por otro lado, hay que tener en cuenta que el comercio mundial ha cambiado en las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas. En 1960, el contenido promedio de inputs importados en cada producto final era del 20% y hoy es de m&aacute;s del 40% y, en 2030, ser&aacute; del 60%. Es decir, el comercio mundial, salvo el de las materias primas, estar&aacute; dominado por las cadenas globales de valor, ya que su participaci&oacute;n en el total del comercio mundial ha alcanzado el 40% y aumenta cada a&ntilde;o. Esta tendencia hace que los servicios tengan ya tanta importancia relativa como los productos en el total del comercio mundial, que es lo que se mide hoy, al crecer, con mayor rapidez, los procesos de I+D, de IT, de ensamblado, de control de calidad, de factorizaci&oacute;n, de marca, de distribuci&oacute;n, de financiaci&oacute;n y de servicio posventa en el valor final de cada producto manufacturado.</p>\r\n<p>Este nuevo modelo de producci&oacute;n global de manufacturas reduce los movimientos migratorios internacionales de personas (salvo en buena parte del sector agr&iacute;co&shy;la y del sector de los servicios) hacia los pa&iacute;ses desarrollados, que todav&iacute;a siguen necesitando inmigrantes, reduciendo, en buena parte, el rechazo que la inmigraci&oacute;n hab&iacute;a desatado en muchos de ellos. Adem&aacute;s, la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (2015) ha demostrado que gran parte del comercio mundial no est&aacute; contabilizada por las estad&iacute;sticas actuales, llegando, en algunos casos, hasta un 67%. Es decir, que la globalizaci&oacute;n del comercio es mucho mayor de lo que actualmente se contabiliza. En parte es debida a errores estad&iacute;sticos en el tr&aacute;nsito de mercanc&iacute;as en los puertos, aeropuertos y dep&oacute;sitos, y tambi&eacute;n a los mercados de futuros de dichos productos.</p>\r\n<p>Todas estas tendencias muestran que el mundo est&aacute; crecientemente globalizado, pero tambi&eacute;n que est&aacute;n creciendo tendencias proteccionistas en algunos pa&iacute;ses desarrollados, fundamentalmente por el auge de movimientos populistas surgidos tras la Gran Recesi&oacute;n. Buena parte del nuevo rechazo a la globalizaci&oacute;n se debe a las entradas de inmigrantes provenientes de pa&iacute;ses en desarrollo, pero es porque son la gran mayor&iacute;a de la poblaci&oacute;n mundial.</p>\r\n<a name=\"sumario_2\"></a>\r\n<div class=\"sumario__interior\">\r\n<div class=\"sumario-texto\">\r\n<p class=\"texto_grande\">Pese al auge proteccionista, la internacionalizaci&oacute;n del comercio es mayor de lo que se contabiliza en las estad&iacute;sticas</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>Las proyecciones de la poblaci&oacute;n mundial de Naciones Unidas para 2015, 2050 y 2100 muestran que pasar&aacute; de 7.349 millones hoy a 9.725 millones en 2050 y alcanzar&iacute;a 11.213 millones en 2100. La poblaci&oacute;n de Europa caer&iacute;a de 738 millones a 707 millones en 2050, y a 646 millones en 2100. &Aacute;frica aumentar&iacute;a de 1.186 millones a 2.478 millones en 2050, y a 4.387 millones en 2100, es decir, &Aacute;frica llegar&iacute;a a tener casi 6,8 veces m&aacute;s habitantes que Europa. Adem&aacute;s, la poblaci&oacute;n europea cae y envejece, mientras que la africana aumenta y es joven, por lo que lo l&oacute;gico es que haya una creciente migraci&oacute;n de &Aacute;frica a Europa. S&oacute;lo la poblaci&oacute;n de Nigeria superar&aacute; los 752 millones, m&aacute;s que los 646 millones de toda Europa, incluida Rusia. Asia alcanzar&iacute;a 4.889 millones, 7,5 veces m&aacute;s que Europa. La poblaci&oacute;n espa&ntilde;ola ha pasado de 28 millones en 1950 a m&aacute;s de 46 millones en 2015, pero caer&aacute; a 44.800.000 en 2050 y a 38.300.000 en 2100. 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