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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"32216"},["text","Artículos y noticias sobre el Mundo Árabe."]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name","Artículo de prensa"],["description","Textos publicados en periódicos y revistas."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33292"},["text","<p>Almost one year ago, countries in the Middle East region embarked upon a historical transformation. Today, the state of play remains uncertain, with the setbacks and intensity of disruptions larger than expected. Here, I am thinking especially of the deplorable loss of life in places like Libya, Syria, and Yemen.&nbsp;<strong>And we are now moving into the most difficult, risky, and uncertain period of all</strong>.</p>\r\n<p>As I mentioned in a&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2011/120611.htm\">speech</a>&nbsp;today hosted by the&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.safadi-foundation.org/web/profile.php\">Safadi Foundation&nbsp;</a>at the&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.wilsoncenter.org/\">Wilson Center&nbsp;</a>in Washington D.C., we are in the middle of a delicate transition between &ldquo;rejecting the past&rdquo; and &ldquo;defining the future.&rdquo; It is a period when hard choices must be made, when post-revolutionary euphoria must give some way to practical concerns. It also does not help that this is happening at a time of great turmoil in the global economy. But I remain hopeful. The final destination is clear: the Arab Spring is still poised to unleash the potential of the Arab people.</p>\r\n<p><strong>It will be important to manage this difficult transition in an orderly way</strong>.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>And here, I want to pay tribute especially to the people of Tunisia, who are going through a smooth and inclusive process of transition. Just as Tunisia provided the first spark of the Arab Spring, so now can it light the path forward for other countries in the region.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Economic challenges</strong></p>\r\n<p>We all learned some important lessons from the Arab Spring. While the top-line economic numbers&mdash;on growth, for example&mdash;often looked good, too many people were being left out.</p>\r\n<p>And,&nbsp;<a href=\"http://blogs.imf.org/2011/10/19/what-the-arab-spring-has-taught-us/\">speaking for the IMF</a>, while we certainly warned about the ticking time bomb of high youth unemployment in the region, we did not fully anticipate the consequences of unequal access to opportunities. Let me be frank: we were not paying enough attention to how the fruits of economic growth were being shared.</p>\r\n<p>It is now much clearer that more equal societies are associated with greater economic stability and more sustained growth.</p>\r\n<p>While each country in the region must find its own path to change, the over-arching economic goals of the Arab Spring remain clear&mdash;higher growth, growth that creates more jobs, and growth that is shared equitably among all strands of society.</p>\r\n<p>To that end, let me emphasize a very important point: macroeconomic and financial stability remain absolutely essential, core building blocks of any new society. Without this secure foundation, any efforts to respond to people&rsquo;s aspirations can simply not be realized.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Working in harmony</strong></p>\r\n<p>To date, governments have responded to social pressures by increasing subsidies, wages, and other spending, to help lessen the hardship faced by ordinary people. This was needed for social cohesion in the short term. But it does not&nbsp;<a href=\"http://blogs.imf.org/2011/10/26/mideast-braces-itself-for-a-multi-year-transition/\">come without cost</a>. Fiscal deficits have widened, which raises concerns about sustainability. It pushes up interest rates, which makes it harder for the private sector to get credit to set up or expand businesses and start hiring people. So across the region, governments need to move towards better and sustainable fiscal policies.</p>\r\n<p>In particular, more targeted social protection systems would help free up funds for spending on areas like infrastructure, education, and health while laying the foundations for inclusive growth. This would be a break from the past when generalized subsidies were used to appease the population while allowing the privileged to benefit from unfair practices. So, macroeconomic stability and inclusive growth can&mdash;and indeed must&mdash;go hand in hand.</p>\r\n<p>What is more, the government and the private sector must work in harmony. The private sector, including small and medium-sized enterprises, must take on a leading role, to boost investment, productivity, competitiveness&mdash;and create jobs.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Enabling environment</strong></p>\r\n<p>But for this to happen,&nbsp;<strong>the government must provide an enabling environment</strong>. It should put in place modern and transparent institutions to encourage accountability and good governance and ensure fair and transparent rules of the game. The government must also lay the foundations of a modern and competitive economy by breaking down the vested interests and cozy networks of privilege that prevent the region from reaching its true economic potential. There is simply no other way to create the 50-70 million jobs needed for the people joining the labor force and to reduce unemployment over the next decade.</p>\r\n<p>Of course, the region&rsquo;s destiny lies with itself, but the international community also has a responsibility to help. It must listen to the hopeful voices and provide support&mdash;including financing, technical assistance, and market access.</p>\r\n<p><strong>The IMF too stands ready to help</strong>. We are working closely with our members in the region, and we are willing to walk the path with them. We are offering the best policy advice possible. We will provide financial help if requested.</p>\r\n<p>And with our&nbsp;<a href=\"http://blogs.imf.org/2011/10/13/a-spotlight-on-the-imfs-technical-assistance/\">technical assistance</a>, we are helping countries build better institutions for a better world. Some examples: We are helping Egypt make its tax system more equitable. We are helping Libya develop a modern system of government payments. We are helping&nbsp;<strong>Tunisia</strong>&nbsp;improve its financial sector. And we are helping&nbsp;<strong>Jordan</strong>&nbsp;with fuel subsidy reform.</p>\r\n<p>Amidst a darkening economic outlook and waning confidence, the Arab Spring still shines as a bright light and a beacon of hope, a symbol of what can be accomplished. The region, together with its international partners, must make sure that this light is never extinguished.</p>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33293"},["text","<a href=\"https://blogs.imf.org/2011/12/06/the-arab-spring-one-year-on/\" target=\"_blank\">https://blogs.imf.org/2011/12/06/the-arab-spring-one-year-on/</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33289"},["text","The Arab Spring, One Year On"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33290"},["text","Christine Lagarde"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33291"},["text","FMI "]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"818"},["name","Democracia"]],["tag",{"tagId":"39"},["name","Economía"]],["tag",{"tagId":"1257"},["name","FMI"]],["tag",{"tagId":"1460"},["name","Primavera Árabe"]],["tag",{"tagId":"7"},["name","Transición"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"1634","public":"1","featured":"0"},["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4190"},["text","Libros"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"19"},["name","Libro"],["description","Textos publicados como libros de ficción o no ficción."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"56"},["name","País"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"9516"},["text","EEUU"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"55"},["name","Editorial"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"9518"},["text","Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"9520"},["text","http://books.google.com/books/about/The_role_of_elites_in_the_Spanish_transi.html?id=trwbAQAAMAAJ\n"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"9514"},["text","The role of elites in the Spanish transition to democracy (1975-1981). Motors of change\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"9515"},["text","2007"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"9517"},["text","Christopher Hill\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"9519"},["text","Basado en la tesis del autor. Este estudio pretende analizar la influencia de los individuos en las transiciones\ndemocráticas, utilizando a España como un caso de estudio y examinando, en particular, el papel de las élites en el proceso\n"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"400"},["name","Élites"]],["tag",{"tagId":"38"},["name","Sociedad"]],["tag",{"tagId":"7"},["name","Transición"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"2119","public":"1","featured":"0"},["collection",{"collectionId":"5"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"11023"},["text","Tesis Doctorales"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"20"},["name","Tesis Doctoral"],["description","Tesis Doctorales publicadas sobre el tema"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"56"},["name","País"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"12996"},["text","G.B."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"57"},["name","Directores de la Tesis"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"12998"},["text","\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"59"},["name","Lugar y fecha de publicación"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"12999"},["text","Universidad de Nottingham en 2005\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"13001"},["text","http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk/1068/1/431250.pdf\n"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"12995"},["text","Motors of change? Rlite actors and the spanish transition to democracy (1975 -1981)\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"12997"},["text","Christopher Hill\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"13000"},["text","Esta tesis analiza la metodología predominante en el análisis de las transiciones a la democracia, centrándose en el\nestudio de caso de España. Aunque la literatura actual proporciona una descripción detallada de las medidas adoptadas por los\nactores de élite durante la transición períodos y los resultados derivados del mismo, no se puede conectar adecuadamente estos\ndos factores. Esta tesis pretende abordar la brecha en la literatura actual y para subrayar la necesidad de una metodología\nexplicativa que tener en cuenta una amalgama de enfoques. El caso de España se aprovechará para poner de relieve la\nimportancia de la conexión entre el papel de los actores de la élite y las limitaciones de ponerte en su lugar por el sistema en el\nque operan. Yo sostengo que el conocimiento de los parámetros existentes, tanto institucionales y de la sociedad, es fundamental\npara una evaluación de las medidas posibles para llevar a cabo. La metodología de la política comparada proporciona la capacidad\nde determinar dónde hay existe una falla en los actuales enfoques teóricos y para hacer frente a este problema a través de mayor\nanálisis. Una apreciación cada vez más amplio de las acciones de los individuos y las fuerzas subyacentes que impulsan estas\nacciones profundiza nuestra comprensión de los procesos de transición en su conjunto. Yo diría que en esta tesis se hallan\nimplicaciones para la investigación futura y, de hecho, la relevancia en la práctica real de la política. La conciencia de la relación\nentre el individuo y los imperativos políticos sistema es de suma importancia para nuestra comprensión de las transiciones\ndemocráticas y para la futura investigación de estos procesos. De esta manera, la tesis subraya que la conexión entre las\ninterpretaciones micro y macro de la transición es fundamental, no sólo para orientar el análisis sistemático, sino también para\nasegurar que la investigación no se quede en los límites de la teoría, para poder ser relevante en el mundo real.\n"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"7"},["name","Transición"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"2850","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"112"},["src","http://repositorio.historiarecienteenlaeducacion.com/files/original/0022fb4785810cf5340f01096765138d.jpg"],["authentication","3d5cd7fe4e7833bd3dfe66b60d9115ee"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"25"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"14816"},["text","Viñetas"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"33"},["name","Viñeta o caricatura"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"18772"},["text","http://www.hermanolobodigital.com/mostradorn.php?a%F1o=IV&num=186&imagen=2&fecha=1975-11-29"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"18767"},["text","Quiero una oportunidad"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"18768"},["text","Chumy Chúmez"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"18769"},["text","29 de Noviembre de 1975"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"18770"},["text","Hermano Lobo Nº 186, Año IV, de 29 de Noviembre de 1975."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"18771"},["text","Viñeta de Chumy Chúmez publicada en la revista de humor Hermano Lobo una semana después de la muerte de Franco."]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"112"},["name","Censura"]],["tag",{"tagId":"817"},["name","Franco"]],["tag",{"tagId":"819"},["name","Hermano Lobo"]],["tag",{"tagId":"219"},["name","Humor"]]]]]