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En esta ocasi&oacute;n, la causa no es el p&aacute;nico de los banqueros que huyen de los mercados emergentes, sino una crisis de legitimidad que amenaza el r&eacute;gimen comercial del mundo entero.Como ha quedado patente en los disturbios que han rodeado la fracasada reuni&oacute;n de la Organizaci&oacute;n Mundial de Comercio en Seattle, existe una coalici&oacute;n de fuerzas obreras, ecologistas y defensoras de los derechos humanos dispuestas a sabotear la OMC, la instituci&oacute;n que encarna el comercio internacional. Asimismo, la OMC tiene problemas en los pa&iacute;ses en v&iacute;as de desarrollo, que se sienten ajenos a unas normas que, a su juicio, no les benefician. El abismo que separa a estos grupos de los objetivos que persiguen las autoridades estadounidenses y de la UE es cada vez mayor, y est&aacute; desestabilizando la econom&iacute;a mundial.</p>\r\n<div id=\"elpais_gpt-INTEXT\" data-google-query-id=\"CLvwg5noptUCFd2sUQod900EWw\">\r\n<div id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/diario/intext_0__container__\"><iframe id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/diario/intext_0\" title=\"3rd party ad content\" name=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/diario/intext_0\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" data-integralas-id-a6c5b794-f05e-8682-0be4-6321a9c2bbed=\"\"></iframe></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>Todas las partes coinciden en que la estabilidad de la econom&iacute;a internacional se basa en que exista un sistema de normas mundiales. Lo que es objeto de contestaci&oacute;n es la naturaleza de esas normas. Los adversarios de la liberalizaci&oacute;n del comercio censuran el car&aacute;cter secretista y \"no democr&aacute;tico\" de la OMC y la influencia de los intereses empresariales a la hora de establecer las reglas. Consideran que el sistema comercial favorece a la empresa por encima de los trabajadores, el medio ambiente y la seguridad de los consumidores. Los pa&iacute;ses en v&iacute;as de desarrollo se quejan de las normas restrictivas que se aplican a sus exportaciones (ropa, productos agrarios, mano de obra) y tienen miedo de que las nuevas exigencias que se les hacen en materia laboral y de medio ambiente est&eacute;n pensadas para minar su competitividad.</p>\r\n<p>Para poder salir de esta crisis es necesario sentar unos principios claros a los que las normas comerciales deber&iacute;an atenerse. He aqu&iacute; cinco principios sobre los que todo el mundo deber&iacute;a estar de acuerdo y que nos permitir&iacute;an avanzar.</p>\r\n<p>El comercio es un medio para un fin, no un fin en s&iacute; mismo. Los partidarios de la globalizaci&oacute;n hablan sin cesar sobre los ajustes que deben aplicar los pa&iacute;ses en sus pol&iacute;ticas e instituciones con el fin de ampliar su comercio internacional y hacerse m&aacute;s atractivos para los inversores. Esa manera de pensar confunde el fin con el medio. El comercio puede servir de instrumento para alcanzar los objetivos que buscan las sociedades: prosperidad, estabilidad, libertad, mejor calidad de vida. Nada enfurece m&aacute;s a quienes critican la OMC que las sospechas de que, a la hora de la verdad, la organizaci&oacute;n permite que el comercio pase por encima del medio ambiente o los derechos humanos. Los pa&iacute;ses en v&iacute;as de desarrollo deben resistirse a un sistema que eval&uacute;a sus necesidades en funci&oacute;n de la expansi&oacute;n del comercio mundial, y no con el fin de paliar la pobreza.</p>\r\n<p>El hecho de invertir nuestras prioridades tendr&iacute;a una consecuencia fundamental. En lugar de preguntar qu&eacute; tipo de sistema comercial multilateral saca el m&aacute;ximo partido al comercio exterior y las oportunidades de inversi&oacute;n, tendr&iacute;amos que preguntar qu&eacute; tipo de sistema multilateral da a las naciones m&aacute;s capacidad de defender sus propios valores y perseguir sus objetivos de desarrollo.</p>\r\n<p>Las normas de comercio deben permitir la diversidad de reglas e instituciones nacionales. No existe una sola receta para el progreso econ&oacute;mico. Cada pa&iacute;s tiene sus preferencias sobre las normativas que deben regir las nuevas tecnolog&iacute;as (como los organismos gen&eacute;ticamente modificados), el grado de restricci&oacute;n de las normas ambientales, la intromisi&oacute;n de las pol&iacute;ticas gubernamentales, el alcance de las redes de seguridad social o el equilibrio entre eficacia y equidad. Los pa&iacute;ses ricos y los pobres tienen diferentes necesidades en los &aacute;mbitos de las normas laborales o la protecci&oacute;n de patentes. Adem&aacute;s, los pa&iacute;ses pobres necesitan disponer de un margen para poder llevar a cabo sus pol&iacute;ticas de desarrollo que en el caso de los pa&iacute;ses ricos no es preciso. Cuando los Estados utilizan el comercio para imponer sus preferencias institucionales por encima de otras, el resultado es que se erosiona la legitimidad del comercio. Las normas comerciales no deben buscar la armonizaci&oacute;n, sino una coexistencia pac&iacute;fica entre distintas pol&iacute;ticas nacionales.</p>\r\n<p>Los pa&iacute;ses no democr&aacute;ticos no pueden disfrutar de los mismos privilegios que los democr&aacute;ticos. Las normas nacionales que se aparten de las de sus socios comerciales y, por consiguiente, ofrezcan ventajas en el comercio, s&oacute;lo son leg&iacute;timas en la medida en que se basen en decisiones libremente tomadas por los ciudadanos. Un ejemplo son las normas laborales y ambientales. Los pa&iacute;ses pobres argumentan que no pueden permitirse imponer unas normas tan restrictivas como los pa&iacute;ses desarrollados. La existencia de una normas muy duras sobre emisiones o contra la utilizaci&oacute;n de obra de mano infantil puede ser m&aacute;s perjudicial si su consecuencia es la reducci&oacute;n de los puestos de trabajo y el aumento de la pobreza.</p>\r\n<p>Un pa&iacute;s democr&aacute;tico como India puede afirmar, con legitimidad, que sus pr&aacute;cticas son coherentes con los deseos de su poblaci&oacute;n. Pero los pa&iacute;ses no democr&aacute;ticos, como China, no superan esa prueba prima facie. En dichos pa&iacute;ses no se pueden olvidar las alegaciones de que los derechos laborales y el medio ambiente se pisotean en beneficio de unos pocos. Por consiguiente, las exportaciones de los Estados no democr&aacute;ticos merecen ser sometidas a un escrutinio m&aacute;s intenso por parte de la comunidad internacional, sobre todo cuando implican costosas alteraciones en otros pa&iacute;ses.</p>\r\n<p>Las naciones tienen derecho a proteger sus condiciones e instituciones sociales. Los adversarios de la globalizaci&oacute;n afirman que el comercio pone en marcha una \"carrera a ver qui&eacute;n lo hace peor\", en las que los pa&iacute;ses coinciden en avanzar hacia los niveles m&aacute;s bajos de protecci&oacute;n ambiental, laboral y del consumidor. Otros dicen, por el contrario, que no hay pruebas de que el comercio perjudique las normas nacionales. Una forma de salir del laberinto es aceptar que los pa&iacute;ses puedan mantener sus normas nacionales en estos campos, y negar el acceso al mercado en caso necesario, siempre que el comercio perjudique unas pr&aacute;cticas nacionales cuyo apoyo sea generalizado.</p>\r\n<p>Por ejemplo: los Estados podr&iacute;an buscar una protecci&oacute;n temporal contra las importaciones procedentes de pa&iacute;ses en los que no hay demasiada firmeza a la hora de hacer respetar los derechos laborales y ambientales, si dichas importaciones empeoran las condiciones de trabajo en el pa&iacute;s de destino. La OMC ya posee un sistema de salvaguardia para proteger a las empresas de las avalanchas de importaci&oacute;n. Si se extendiera este principio para proteger las normas ambientales, laborales o de seguridad del consumidor, con las restricciones apropiadas contra las violaciones de esas normas, el sistema comercial mundial quiz&aacute; ser&iacute;a m&aacute;s resistente ante el proteccionismo ad hoc.</p>\r\n<p>Nadie tiene derecho a imponer sus preferencias institucionales a otros. El uso de las restricciones comerciales para defender unos valores concretos es diferente a utilizarlas para imponer esos valores. Las normas comerciales no deben obligar a los norteamericanos a comer gambas capturadas de una forma que les parece inaceptable; pero tampoco deben permitir que Estados Unidos aplique sanciones comerciales para modificar los m&eacute;todos de pesca de otras naciones. Los ciudadanos de los pa&iacute;ses ricos que se preocupan por el medio ambiente o los trabajadores en el mundo en v&iacute;as de desarrollo pueden actuar con mucha m&aacute;s eficacia por cauces ajenos a la diplomacia comercial y la ayuda exterior. Las sanciones comerciales deben emplearse exclusivamente contra pa&iacute;ses no democr&aacute;ticos.</p>\r\n<p>Se trata de unas pautas sencillas, f&aacute;ciles de comunicar a los electorados confundidos por la complejidad de las normativas comerciales. Si se respetaran, el comercio tendr&iacute;a m&aacute;s legitimidad y la econom&iacute;a mundial tendr&iacute;a una base m&aacute;s s&oacute;lida.</p>\r\n<p class=\"nota_pie\">Dani Rodrik es catedr&aacute;tico de econom&iacute;a pol&iacute;tica internacional en la John F. Kennedy School of Government de Harvard.</p>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34669"},["text","<a href=\"https://elpais.com/diario/1999/12/09/economia/944694016_850215.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://elpais.com/diario/1999/12/09/economia/944694016_850215.html</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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