La catástrofe actual en Bosnia tiene más de un culpable y no se solucionará con un chivo expiatorio. Hay también responsabilidades internacionales en la guerra de Bosnia-Herzegovina y en la crisis general de los Balcanes. Especialmente han desempeñado un papel fatal los reconocimientos unilaterales y discriminatorios promovidos en su momento por la CE.En ausencia de consenso sobre las fronteras internacionales que debían resultar de la desmembración de Yugoslavia, sin previa garantía a las minorías de que, no serían extranjeros en su tierra, sin clarificar los efectos y desequilibrios en otras repúblicas, sin establecer mecanismos de cooperación regional que aseguren la estabilidad, sin requisitos democráticos suficientes, sin imperar el respeto a los derechos humanos (según el propio informe Badinter encargado por la Comunidad Europea), el reconocimiento de Croacia (Eslovenia era un caso aparte) significó tomar partido y, sobre todo, dio rienda suelta a la locura de la proliferación de los Estados étnicos.
\r\nBosnia-Herzegovina, región especialmente compleja, iba a ser la víctima de la carrera por las purezas étnicas. Estaba claro para quienes conocían la región que la ruptura de Yugoslavia tenía que implicar la dislocación de los tres grupos étnicos que hasta ahora convivían en Bosnia: serbios, croatas y musulmanes. La guerra actual en esa región es una guerra civil entre las tres milicias respectivas, tratando cada una de imponer su fórmula unilateral, procediendo en todos los casos a la limpieza étnica, de los territorios que controlan, lo que origina cientos de miles de deportados y refugiados.
\r\nLa tesis internacional en boga estas semanas (ahora Estados Unidos y la mayoría de la CSCE acompañan a la CE) consiste en identíficar un culpable (Serbia) y endosarle todas las facturas. Puede que sea la evolución más coherente con los pasos anteriormente dados, pero no va a detener la guerra en Bosnia ni asegurar un arreglo estable. Cierto es que los restos del Ejército federal están en la milicia serbia en complicidad con Belgrado. Pero también es cierto que el Ejército croata, que ya tiene 200.000 hombres y se ha convertido en el mayor de la región, está en Bosnia cooperando con la guerrilla croata, y que la milicia musulmana está apoyada por el Gobierno bosnio, que debería estar por encima de las tres étnias. Los serbios son más responsables de la barbaridad mayor: el bombardeo sobre. Sarajevo, pero no son más responsables que los otros en el conjunto del conflicto. Supongamos que el Gobierno de Belgrado, atendiendo las presiones internacionales, abandona a su suerte a los serbios de Bosnia, ¿Detendría eso la carnicería? No, las tres milicias seguirían luchando entre sí, y la milicia serbia seguiría gozando de la simpatía pública en toda Serbia.
\r\nAcoso internacional
\r\nEn el fondo, el acoso internacional a Serbia dificulta la integridad bosnia, ya que ésta sólo es posible con un arreglo concertado libremente por todas las partes implicadas en un clima de confianza y bajo protección internacional equilibradora, es decir, reconstruyendo en cierto sentido el espacio común yugoslavo, y nos tememos que eso conducirá al reparto de Bosnia entre Serbia, Croacia y un nuevo Estado musulmán. Eso sí, llevándose Serbia la peor parte, quizá después de una intervención militar internacional, aislada económicamente, frustrada, resentida.
\r\nNo vemos qué planes para la estabilidad regional podrán hacerse con semejante estado de ánimo en la nación más numerosa. Y todavía hay tres posibles guerras: Kosovo, Sanchak y Macedonia.
\r\nEstados Unidos ha efectuado un brusco viraje: sostenía a Serbia frente a Croacia y abandera ahora el aislamiento de Serbia. Cabe preguntarse la razón. El inicio de la crisis bosnia coincidió con la celebración de elecciones en Albania en las que triunfó el candidato democrático promovido por el embajador estadounidense. Dado que el margen de maniobra y credibilidad americanos en Tirana son enormes, se habla del proyecto de una gran base militar. Ciertamente, el emplazamiento es magnífico en triple vertiente: cercano a Oriente Próximo, no lejano a la CEI y tapona la salida del Adriático al Mediterráneo. El precio político que el presidente albanés, Berisha, exigiría es Kosovo, la provincia serbia poblada por albaneses.
\r\nOtro factor es la naturaleza musulmano-turca de los adversarios bosnios de Serbia. Estados Unidos parece estar consolidando un entendimiento con Turquía, que renace como potencia regional de primer orden en Asia Central, frenando a Irán y sustituyendo a Rusia. La opción musulmana en los Balcanes, además, otorga bazas, simpatías, en el conjunto del mundo árabe-islámico, restaña heridas de la guerra de Irak, compensa la modestia de las concesiones arrancadas a Israel en la Conferencia de Paz.
\r\nEn definitiva, Estados Unidos ha ido aprendiendo en dos años de conflicto balcánico a mirarlo con el prisma de intereses globales, en función del gran juego (así se llamaba la disputa centenaria que libraron en Asia los imperios británico, otomano y zarista).
\r\nDos áreas de influencia
\r\nEs de temer que los Balcanes caminan hacia su participación en dos. grandes áreas de influencia: una occidental, germánica y católica, vinculada a la CE. Otra, oriental, con fuerte presencia musulmana y creciente influencia turca, con posición incómoda de Grecia, y bajo protección norteamericana. Una cierta restitución de los imperios clásicos. Serbia está en medio exactamente de las dos áreas; su base estratégica es ser la cuña eslava, rusa, ortodoxa. Pero también puede verse asfixiada por la presión de todos. O quizá está ya ocurriendo.
\r\nJosep Palau es periodista.
\r\n* Este artículo apareció en la edición impresa del Martes, 16 de junio de 1992
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