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Las cifras de las d&eacute;cadas anteriores hab&iacute;an contado una historia resplandeciente: la regi&oacute;n hab&iacute;a avanzado de manera constante en la eliminaci&oacute;n de la pobreza extrema, el fomento de la prosperidad compartida, el aumento de la matr&iacute;cula escolar y la reducci&oacute;n del hambre y la mortalidad infantil y materna. Las reformas estaban en marcha y el crecimiento econ&oacute;mico era moderado.</p>\r\n<p>Y luego, a finales de 2010 y principios de 2011, millones de personas salieron a las calles de las principales ciudades de Oriente Medio y Norte de &Aacute;frica (MENA) para pedir un cambio, y se comenz&oacute; a escribir una historia que los indicadores cuantitativos est&aacute;ndares no hab&iacute;an previsto. Ahora, un nuevo&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/publication/mena-economic-monitor-october-2015-inequality-uprising-conflict-arab-world\">estudio</a>, (i) que se centra en la desigualdad econ&oacute;mica, el bienestar subjetivo y la agitaci&oacute;n social en MENA, ayuda a proporcionar una posible respuesta a este &ldquo;rompecabezas de la desigualdad &aacute;rabe&rdquo; y, en concreto, a estas dos preguntas: &iquest;qu&eacute; impuls&oacute; a las personas a salir a la calle? y &iquest;por qu&eacute; los n&uacute;meros no lo previeron?</p>\r\n<p>Las conclusiones del estudio indican que la raz&oacute;n principal de los levantamientos fue la creciente y ampliamente compartida insatisfacci&oacute;n con la calidad de vida, algo evidente en los datos sobre las percepciones que se indagan en las encuestas de valores, pero no en los datos objetivos. Las personas comunes, y en especial las de la clase media, estaban descontentas con el deterioro del nivel de vida debido a la falta de oportunidades de empleo en el sector formal, la mala calidad de los servicios p&uacute;blicos y la falta de rendici&oacute;n de cuentas del Gobierno.</p>\r\n<p>El antiguo contrato social de redistribuci&oacute;n sin participaci&oacute;n hab&iacute;a dejado de funcionar. En el mundo &aacute;rabe, la clase media quer&iacute;a hacerse o&iacute;r y tener m&aacute;s oportunidades.</p>\r\n<p><span>La insatisfacci&oacute;n de la clase media</span></p>\r\n<p>En v&iacute;speras de la primavera &aacute;rabe, la satisfacci&oacute;n con la vida era relativamente baja y la insatisfacci&oacute;n iba en aumento. En 2010, los habitantes de los pa&iacute;ses que m&aacute;s participaron en la primavera &aacute;rabe &mdash;Siria, Libia, T&uacute;nez, Egipto y Yemen&mdash; se encontraban entre los menos felices del mundo. El descontento era generalizado, pero m&aacute;s pronunciado en el 40&nbsp;% de la poblaci&oacute;n de clase media que en el 40&nbsp;% de la poblaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s pobre.</p>\r\n<p>A finales de la d&eacute;cada de 2000, la regi&oacute;n de MENA era la &uacute;nica en el mundo con bruscas disminuciones en el bienestar subjetivo. Las estad&iacute;sticas de las encuestas de bienestar que se presentan en el informe muestran, en particular, un aumento de la insatisfacci&oacute;n con la calidad de los servicios gubernamentales que influye en la calidad de vida de la poblaci&oacute;n de MENA. Entre ellos, el incremento en el porcentaje de personas insatisfechas con la disponibilidad de viviendas de bajo costo fue el m&aacute;s dr&aacute;stico, pero tambi&eacute;n subi&oacute; la proporci&oacute;n de la poblaci&oacute;n descontenta con el transporte p&uacute;blico, la falta de atenci&oacute;n m&eacute;dica de calidad, y la carencia de buenos empleos.</p>\r\n<p>Estas disminuciones no quedaron registradas en los datos econ&oacute;micos est&aacute;ndares.</p>\r\n<p><span>Desigualdad</span></p>\r\n<p>En 2011, los levantamientos pusieron en primer plano los temas de la equidad y la inclusi&oacute;n. Algunos investigadores plantearon que la desigualdad de ingresos fue uno de los factores desencadenantes de la primavera &aacute;rabe.</p>\r\n<p>El nuevo estudio no entrega pruebas que apoyen esta idea. Investigaciones recientes, que usan nuevos datos sobre los ingresos m&aacute;s altos, indican que es poco probable que la desigualdad del gasto en Egipto sea mucho m&aacute;s alta que la ya estimada.</p>\r\n<p>Las disparidades de la distribuci&oacute;n de la riqueza, que suelen ser m&aacute;s elevadas que las desigualdades de ingresos, podr&iacute;an haber sido un factor en los levantamientos de la primavera &aacute;rabe. Pero, como los datos sobre la riqueza son escasos, especialmente en los pa&iacute;ses &aacute;rabes, es m&aacute;s complejo medir esta que calcular los ingresos.</p>\r\n<p>El estudio ofrece una manera de evaluar la amplitud de algunos aspectos de las disparidades de la riqueza recurriendo a un conjunto de datos &uacute;nico sobre los dep&oacute;sitos bancarios transfronterizos en poder de ciudadanos &aacute;rabes en para&iacute;sos fiscales. Se concluye que, si bien los datos existentes de la desigualdad pueden subestimar la verdadera magnitud de la misma, cualquier error existe porque la riqueza oculta ha disminuido, y es poco probable que sea mucho mayor que en el resto del mundo.</p>\r\n<p><span>Violencia y guerras civiles</span></p>\r\n<p>Si bien las estad&iacute;sticas de la desigualdad no pueden explicar la primavera &aacute;rabe, &iquest;pueden, sin embargo, arrojar luz sobre sus consecuencias? La investigaci&oacute;n muestra que, m&aacute;s que la desigualdad en s&iacute; misma, es la falta de igualdad entre grupos &eacute;tnicos o sectarios la que puede haber influido en el aumento de la incidencia de los conflictos en la regi&oacute;n de MENA. Los autores de este estudio concluyen que aunque las injusticias por s&iacute; solas no causan guerras civiles, pueden motivar a las personas a comenzar a pelear, sobre todo si los conflictos &eacute;tnicos y sectarios se usan para obtener apoyo p&uacute;blico.</p>\r\n<p>Cuando las sociedades se polarizan en tendencias &eacute;tnicas o sectarias, la combinaci&oacute;n de varones j&oacute;venes desempleados y recursos naturales tambi&eacute;n aumenta el riesgo de conflicto. Fue en este contexto que, despu&eacute;s de la primavera &aacute;rabe, muchos pa&iacute;ses de la regi&oacute;n parec&iacute;an tener las condiciones para caer en el caos.</p>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"32174"},["text","<a href=\"http://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/feature/2015/10/21/middle-class-frustration-that-fueled-the-arab-spring\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/feature/2015/10/21/middle-class-frustration-that-fueled-the-arab-spring</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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