["itemContainer",{"xmlns:xsi":"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance","xsi:schemaLocation":"http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd","uri":"https://repositorio.historiarecienteenlaeducacion.com/items?output=omeka-json&page=65","accessDate":"2026-11-13T13:34:07+00:00"},["miscellaneousContainer",["pagination",["pageNumber","65"],["perPage","10"],["totalResults","4753"]]],["item",{"itemId":"4545","public":"1","featured":"0"},["collection",{"collectionId":"87"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"29352"},["text","Generales sobre la URSS y el mundo comunista de finales del siglo XX."]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name","Artículo de prensa"],["description","Textos publicados en periódicos y revistas."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30503"},["text","- Hungría, Polonia y República Checa se unieron a la Alianza Atlántica el 12 de marzo de 1999. Los tres países eran exmiembros del Pacto de Varsovia, organización que reunía los países de la esfera de la URSS, nacida como respuesta precisamente a la OTAN. Moscú rechaza la adhesión de cualquier exrepública soviética. El 29 de marzo de 2004, sin embargo, fuero Estonia, Letonia, Lituania, Bulgaria, Rumanía, Eslovaquia y Eslovenia quienes entraron a formar parte de la Alianza. Cuatro años después, la OTAN abrió la puerta a la futura adhesión de Ucrania y Georgia.\r\n\r\n- El 6 de octubre de 1998, Moscú, aliado de los serbios, amenaza con volver a los tiempos de la Guerra Fría si la OTAN interviene en Kosovo. Dos días antes de los primeros bombardeos de la Alianza, el 26 de marzo de 1999, el entonces presidente ruso, Boris Yeltsin, exigió al embajador de la OTAN en Moscú que abandonase el país y congeló la cooperación militar.\r\n\r\n- Nueve años después, la guerra entre Rusia y Georgia volvió a enfrentar a los dos bloques. El 19 de agosto de 2008 y ante la intervención rusa, la OTAN suspendió el consejo de cooperación con Moscú. Rusia prosiguió su ofensiva y congeló su cooperación con la Alianza, a la que culpó del conflicto. Según la nueva estrategia de seguridad rusa, la OTAN y EE UU eran las principales amenazas.\r\n\r\n Un blindado ucranio en Donetsk.\r\nUn blindado ucranio en Donetsk.\r\n- En abril de 2009, la OTAN expulsó a Vassili Tchijov, hijo del embajador de Rusia en la Unión Europea y empleado por la misión del mismo país ante la Alianza. Tchijov estuvo ligado al escándalo desatado por Herman Simm, un alto funcionario estonio condenado por filtrar 2.000 documentos confidenciales de la OTAN a Moscú. El Gobierno ruso reaccionó echando a dos diplomáticos canadienses.\r\n\r\n- La instalación de un escudo antimisiles con sistemas de defensa en países del este de Europa ha encendido los ánimos entre las dos partes en los últimos años. En 2010, la OTAN presentó un nuevo proyecto para tener en 10 años un escudo basado en tecnología estadounidense y con interceptores en Rumanía y Polonia. Moscú expresó su rechazo y respondió desplegando misiles en Kaliningrado, enclave ruso junto al mar Báltico.\r\n\r\n- La primavera árabe ha puesto frente a frente a Rusia y a las potencias occidentales. En marzo de 2011, Moscú se abstuvo en la votación celebrada en la ONU que permitía el uso de la fuerza para defender a los libios en la ofensiva del régimen de Muamar el Gadafi. La representación rusa criticó además los ataques de la OTAN por ir más allá del mandato de Naciones Unidas. Moscú ha impedido también, gracias a su derecho de veto, que el Consejo de Seguridad apruebe una resolución de condena a la represión del Ejército sirio."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"56"},["name","País"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30504"},["text","España"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30505"},["text","<a href=\"http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/09/03/actualidad/1409726229_669768.html\" target=\"_blank\">http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/09/03/actualidad/1409726229_669768.html</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"28960"},["text","Fotografías sobre la globalización y China."]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"37"},["name","Fotografía"],["description"]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30488"},["text","El parque de Dongjiao Jiyi"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30489"},["text","Jabiertzo "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30490"},["text","09/12/2016"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30491"},["text","<a href=\"http://www.historiasdechina.com/2016/12/09/dongjiao-jiyi-fabricas-rehabilitadas-maquinas-guerra-comunismo-y-mucha-creatividad/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.historiasdechina.com/2016/12/09/dongjiao-jiyi-fabricas-rehabilitadas-maquinas-guerra-comunismo-y-mucha-creatividad/</a>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30492"},["text","Fotografías de un espacio industrial rehabilitado"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"1239"},["name","China"]],["tag",{"tagId":"315"},["name","Industria"]],["tag",{"tagId":"38"},["name","Sociedad"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"4542","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"603"},["src","https://repositorio.historiarecienteenlaeducacion.com/files/original/8573ba87c96101db9446f404f2c382d3.PNG"],["authentication","6fec6ef07b522c52fc91e46b1d4a059d"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"101"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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Mapa Flash."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30483"},["text","Desconocido"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30484"},["text","http://www.profesorfrancisco.es"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30485"},["text","Mapa flash de la fragmentación de la URSS y la formación de la CEI."]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"1484"},["name","CEI"]],["tag",{"tagId":"1427"},["name","Fragmentación URSS"]],["tag",{"tagId":"545"},["name","URSS"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"4541","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"602"},["src","https://repositorio.historiarecienteenlaeducacion.com/files/original/09bd6a2eeb44b86e43fda96c816fac6c.PNG"],["authentication","6bdf97b6fde7e440f618af1297771e09"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"100"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"29939"},["text","Vídeos cortos, reportajes, dicursos y debates."]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"29"},["name","Reportaje"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"62"},["name","Duración"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30479"},["text","12:30 Segundos"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30480"},["text","<div style=\"width: 100%; padding-top: 64%; position: relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; display: inline-block; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.9);\"><iframe style=\"width: 100%; height: 90%; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; overflow: hidden;\" name=\"Kaliningrado, entre el este y el oeste (2004)\" src=\"http://www.rtve.es/drmn/embed/video/2544067\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\"></iframe>\r\n<div style=\"position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 0; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.833; display: inline-block; padding: 5px 0 5px 10px;\"><span style=\"float: left; margin-right: 10px;\"><img style=\"height: 20px; width: auto; background: transparent; padding: 0; margin: 0;\" src=\"http://img.irtve.es/css/rtve.commons/rtve.header.footer/i/logoRTVEes.png\" alt=\"\" /></span> <a style=\"color: #333; font-weight: bold;\" title=\"Kaliningrado, entre el este y el oeste (2004)\" href=\"http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/informe-semanal/fue-informe-kaliningrado-entre-este-oeste-2004/2544067/\"><strong>Kaliningrado, entre el este y el oeste (2004)</strong></a></div>\r\n</div>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"54"},["name","Enlace secundario"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30481"},["text","<a href=\"http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/informe-semanal/fue-informe-kaliningrado-entre-este-oeste-2004/2544067/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/informe-semanal/fue-informe-kaliningrado-entre-este-oeste-2004/2544067/</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30475"},["text","Fue Informe - Kaliningrado, entre el este y el oeste (2004)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30476"},["text","04/05/2014"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30477"},["text","RTVE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30478"},["text","La anexión de Crimea a Rusia ha puesto en alerta a los países bálticos y del Este. \r\nTemen que Putin repita la misma maniobra en otros territorios. Por eso, miran con recelo a un estratégico enclave ruso, situado entre Polonia y Lituania. Kaliningrado alberga la flota soviética del Báltico, tiene dos bases aéreas soviéticas y desde 2012 cuenta con misiles balísticos de corto alcance. Este territorio perteneció a Alemania y fue anexionado a Rusia tras la Guerra Fría. Pero muchos de sus habitantes nunca se sintieron soviéticos y siempre han mirado esperanzados a Occidente. Informe Semanal viajó hasta allí hace diez años para conocer de cerca este pedazo de Rusia en medio de la Europa Comunitaria."]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"1427"},["name","Fragmentación URSS"]],["tag",{"tagId":"1483"},["name","Kalilingrado"]],["tag",{"tagId":"1407"},["name","Rusia"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"4540","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"601"},["src","https://repositorio.historiarecienteenlaeducacion.com/files/original/0504db4df59fa29ede375a16365347a4.jpg"],["authentication","c482b28668c7a3d4da9086ee012ca14c"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"88"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"29591"},["text","Sobre Alemania y la reunificación."]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name","Artículo de prensa"],["description","Textos publicados en periódicos y revistas."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30471"},["text","September 11, 2009  05:03 PM Print Feedback\r\nFormer German Chancellor Helmut Kohl has never forgotten the hostility he faced at a European meeting on December 8, 1989. Ten days earlier he had unveiled a 10-point-plan for German reunification and been met with the blatant skepticism of Europe's leaders. In his memoirs, the former chancellor has described how British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher famously told the heads of state when they were gathered for dinner: \"We beat the Germans twice, and now they're back.\"\r\n\r\n\r\nIt's no secret that Thatcher was a bitter opponent of German reunification. But new documents released Thursday by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office show how she insisted that her government resist the historic development. She repeatedly reined back then-Foreign Minister Douglas Hurd and Christopher Mallaby, Britain's ambassador in Bonn, who wanted to signal his support for reunification on the day the wall came down.\r\n\r\nMallaby wrote to Hurd on that day -- November 9, 1989 -- saying it was \"in our interests\" to respond positively to developments in Germany. But when Hurd visited Berlin a few days later, he dutifully towed Thatcher's line, saying that reunification was \"not currently on the agenda.\"\r\n\r\nThe 500-page tome of letters and memos released this week date back to between April 1989 and November 1990. They reveal, for example, how then-French President Francois Mitterrand, speaking in a private conversation with his British counterpart, fuelled her mistrust of the Germans. Over lunch in the Elysee Palace on January 20, 1990, Mitterrand warned Thatcher that reunification would result in Germany gaining more European influence than Hitler ever had. His gloomy forecasts included a return of the \"bad\" Germans, according to previously secret notes made by Thatcher's foreign policy adviser, Charles Powell.\r\n\r\nTaming the Germans?\r\n\r\n\r\nBy mid-January 1990, Mitterrand had come to terms with the pending reunification, which he viewed as an unstoppable process. However, he still thought it would be prudent for Thatcher to publicly oppose the plan in a bid to wrest concessions from Germany in European agreements.\r\n\r\nBut Thatcher, for her part, believed up until February 1990 that she would be able to slow the pace of reunification. She felt it was all happening far too quickly and feared that Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev would be destabilized by reunification, a concern borne out by history. She backed a five-year transitional period with two German states and did not share Mitterrand's optimism that the Germans could be tamed by being incorporated into European institutions. \"The problems will not be overcome by strengthening the EC\" she wrote on February 2, 1990, in an internal memo, referring to the predecessor organization of the European Union. \"Germany's ambitions would then become the dominant and active factor.\"\r\n\r\nIn public, Thatcher became known for her shrill warnings about the German appetite for power. In an interview with SPIEGEL on March 26, 1990, she said that Kohl had told her that he did not recognize the Oder-Neisse border with Poland, a frontier which had been drawn up after World War II. Kohl was enraged by her remarks and said he had never made such a statement.\r\n\r\nTwo decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office wants to improve the reputation of the British during this key period in German history. The new documents reveal that Foreign Ministry diplomats were considerably more farsighted than Thatcher, who was led by her gut reaction against Germany.\r\n\r\nThe long-secret papers show that the British government played a far more constructive role in German reunification than had been previously thought. Only one person had serious doubts about the change: Margaret Thatcher.\r\n\r\nDeep-Seated Suspicion\r\n\r\nBut even the Iron Lady gradually gave up her resistance to reunification when the framework for the Two-Plus-Four Agreement was drawn up, paving the way for the two states to merge. After a meeting in Chequers, Thatcher's country residence, on January 27, Foreign Minister Hurd noted a slight softening in her position. \"Usual diatribe against German selfishness,\" Hurd noted in his diary, \"but the hankering to stop unification now comes less often, and we are into 'transition' and reducing the British Army of the Rhine.\"\r\n\r\nAccording to a note believed to be penned by Thatcher or Powell, Hurd voiced a warning to the prime minister on February 23: \"The Foreign Secretary said we must not appear to be a brake on everything. Rather we should come forward with some positive ideas of our own,\" the note said. The authors of the book write of the Foreign Ministry's \"war of attrition,\" which Thatcher slowly wound down.\r\n\r\nThe fact that France, the Soviet Union and the United States supported German reunification also had an impact on her stance. Gradually Thatcher moved into the German political mainstream -- but she never lost her deep-seated suspicion of the Germans.\r\n\r\nFor example, in March 1990, she invited historians and politicians to a discussion at Chequers to address the question: \"How dangerous are the Germans?\" At the end of the seminar, her adviser Powell noted that they reached unanimous agreement that \"we should be nice to the Germans.\""]]]],["element",{"elementId":"56"},["name","País"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30472"},["text","Alemania"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30473"},["text","<a href=\"http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/the-iron-lady-s-views-on-german-reunification-the-germans-are-back-a-648364.html\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/the-iron-lady-s-views-on-german-reunification-the-germans-are-back-a-648364.html</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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Como podéis apreciar, esta vez el gusto por lo clásico prevalece en una declaración de amor al Partido que rezuma militarismo y que quizás ofrece un recordatorio de las tensiones marítimas, aunque la escenografía está tan maquillada que casi parece el anuncio de un crucero. (HISTORIASDECHINA.COM)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"30442"},["text","Chino sin subtítulos"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"1239"},["name","China"]],["tag",{"tagId":"1253"},["name","Partido comunista de China"]]]]]